Tuesday, March 17, 2009
Choosing appropriate child care for your infant or young child can seem as overwhelming as helping your teenager select a college or university. As a parent, it is your responsibility to ensure that your child is safe and happy in a child care environment that is fun, educational, and nurturing. Read on to learn how to go about making such an important decision.
Your Child and Family
About 70% of parents place their young children in some type of daily care. Whether you choose in-home or center-based care, a preschool, or someone else's home for your child's daily care setting, there are specific guidelines you should follow to be sure that your child is receiving quality, professional care suited to his developmental needs.
Most important in determining the type of care your child needs is to know your own child - his temperament, likes and dislikes, health, interests, and behavior. For an infant under 1 year of age, you need to give careful attention to your child's need to be nurtured and held, any special health needs, and the type of person you want to care for your child during the first year of his life. For an older child, his developing play and learning styles, interaction with other children, intellectual curiosity, and need for individualized attention should be considered.
The family's own values and emotional needs should also help to determine the kind of care they choose for their child. Choosing child care depends on the family's comfort level and their type of child. Some parents are overly anxious about leaving their very young child with one person, while others prefer individual care. But by age 3 or 4, it's good for the child to have at least some exposure to other kids and participate in a structured program like preschool or daycare.
Before choosing a care setting, you should be aware of the options available and consider cost, location, and reputation.
What to Look for
The first step you should take is to make a list of qualities you're looking for in a caregiver or day care, such as experience, religious background, discipline beliefs, and flexibility. Also consider any religious or cultural beliefs that you wish a caregiver to impart to your child. The International Nanny Association (INA) recommends that you interview any prospective hire at least twice and that you conduct a criminal background check, which is usually done by most placement agencies.
Approximately 5% of the nannies applying for positions have criminal conviction records, reports the INA. "Undesirable care providers tend to gravitate toward positions offered through newspaper advertisements or to agencies who do not include background investigations, but no combination of checks is completely fail-safe, and parents should remain vigilant when it comes to their children's care," the INA advises.
Besides inquiring about training in early childhood development, you should also ask a potential nanny or au pair:
Why are you interested in working with young children?
Why did you leave your last job? (You should always check references; ask that family why the relationship ended and whether they would recommend that caregiver.)
What is your discipline policy? (Offer "what if" scenarios to elicit responses to situations that could arise. For example, if a child hits another child or throws a tantrum over a toy someone else is playing with, what should the consequences be?)
How will you provide new experiences to enhance my child's mental and physical development? What are the opportunities you can offer to experience art, music, group and individual play, and indoor and outdoor play?
How would you handle toilet teaching?
How would you handle separation anxiety?
If you're considering a day care center or another group setting, you should spend some time observing the center and talking to parents with children in the center. You might also want to ask the following questions in addition to those above:
Do you have an open-door policy on parent visits?
What are alternative arrangements for care if the program closes? On what holidays is the center closed?
What is your policy on caring for sick children?
How do you monitor children on the playground? How old is the equipment and has it recently been inspected?
How are children grouped? By age?
Do you welcome children of varying ethnic, cultural, and religious backgrounds to the program? Do you include children with special needs?
What are the educational backgrounds of the teachers?
In evaluating the responses to your questions, carefully consider how his or her philosophy of child rearing, discipline, and nurturing meshes with your personal vision of how your child should be guided and cared for each day.
Finally, do you have a sense of trust in this person or program? Do you believe that your child will be happy and have the opportunity to learn and grow in this environment?
The Dependent Care Connection, a Connecticut agency that coordinates in-home child care, also advises that "if none of the candidates appear to offer what you are looking for, don't pick the best of the worst. Instead, review your job requirements, make any necessary adjustments, and begin your search again, wiser from the experience." You could also ask neighborhood parents or coworkers for recommendations.
In-Home Care
Some parents may prefer the one-on-one contact an in-home care provider can offer, especially for an infant. Parents or couples with full-time careers may find that their work schedules require them to hire an in-home care provider for their child. Trying to juggle overtime, business trips, and child care demands can be impossible without live-in help. If you do need to hire a nanny or enroll in an au pair program, seek the services of licensed agencies with experience placing nannies and au pairs.
An in-home care provider is employed by the family to care for a child in the child's own home. This includes a nanny, or someone who works on a live-in or live-out basis performing child care and perhaps some minimal household duties related to child care. Usually unsupervised during the day, the nanny has a workweek that is typically 40 to 60 hours. Nannies hired through agencies usually have minimal training in caring for young children.
An au pair also provides in-home care. An au pair lives with the family and cares for the child under the direct supervision of the parents. He or she often seeks work far away from home, as a kind of cultural learning experience. Au pairs often assist with light housework and work about 40 to 60 hours per week. Au pairs, who are typically young, may or may not have any child care training or experience.
The Fine Print
Once you've hired a caregiver, draw up a specific contract outlining expected duties, hours, salary, paid vacation, and sick leave; include parental obligations as part of that contract. Establish a review date within a few months to discuss how the arrangement is working and to fine-tune the agreement. Observe the caregiver's interaction with your child routinely and unexpectedly.
Warning Signs
Here are signs to look for if you suspect that your child is being mistreated:
The caregiver has lied to you or stolen from you.
He or she does not answer questions about the daily routine.
You come home to find your child unsupervised.
The caregiver does not respond to your child.
Your child becomes moody or withdrawn or has problems eating or sleeping.
Your child suddenly becomes upset when left with the caregiver.
You simply have a bad feeling about the caregiver.
Parents should be sure the nanny or au pair has the support he or she needs to continue acting as a positive caregiver. He or she should have adequate time off and opportunities to meet other adult caregivers in the area. Parents should always be available by phone or beeper to answer emergency calls. In other words, work together and form a partnership for your child's care.
Out-of-Home Care
Out-of-home care includes day care centers, which are typically affiliated with a public or private agency such as a religious organization, corporation, or community center; family day care programs held in the caregiver's home; part-time child care programs such as preschools or play groups; and publicly funded preschool programs such as Head Start. These programs usually care for children from birth to age 5.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that one adult should have the primary responsibility for no more than one baby under 12 months of age in any care setting. These young children need positive, consistent caregivers who learn to recognize their unique cues for hunger, distress, and play. This kind of nurturing interaction contributes significantly to an infant's social and emotional growth. For infants, the AAP recommends a child to staff ratio of 3:1.
The AAP guidelines for child care are:
AgeBirth - 24 mos.25 - 30 mos.31 - 35 mos.3 yrs.4 - 5 yrs.
Child:Staff3:14:15:17:18:1
Max. group size68101416
Homes and Centers
Day care homes offer child care in the caregiver's home, often with a single adult supervising the children. Center-based care includes day care centers and preschools employing several adults to care for larger groups of children.
In either case, both the American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) recommend that the home or agency is licensed and regularly inspected. Caregivers should have basic training in CPR and early childhood development. There should also be clearly written policies on sick children and discipline. Voluntary accreditation with the NAEYC or the National Association for Family Child Care (NAFCC) usually indicates that the center is committed to providing quality care and must participate in ongoing child development programs.
Health, safety, and hygiene must be given priority in all child care settings. All children and staff members should have current immunizations; staff should have clear criminal background checks. The facility must be child-proof and all staff members should wear disposable gloves when changing diapers. Toys should be disinfected on a regular basis and frequent hand washing should be promoted among the staff and children to minimize the spread of infection.
You should also expect that your child will be assigned to the same caregiver to promote a sense of security and consistency. Inquire about the rate of staff resignations; low staff turnover minimizes the need for young children to repeatedly adjust to new caregivers.
Preschools
Preschools, as the name indicates, provide an educational program for young children before starting kindergarten or elementary school. Many day care centers now also incorporate early childhood curricula into their programs. The NAEYC lists these 10 signs of a great preschool:
Children spend most of their time playing and working with materials or with other children.
Children have access to various activities throughout the day.
Teachers work with individual children, small groups, and the whole group at different times during the day.
The classroom is decorated with children's original artwork and projects.
Children learn numbers and the alphabet in the context of their everyday experiences.
Children work on projects and have long periods of time to play and explore.
Worksheets are used rarely, if at all.
Children have an opportunity to play outside in a safe play area every day.
Teachers read books to children individually or in small groups.
Curricula are adapted for those who are ahead as well as those who need additional help.
Children and their parents look forward to school.
Children With Special Needs
Federal law guarantees special education and related services to children with disabilities from birth through age 5. Special services such as speech and physical and occupational therapy can now be brought into day care centers or preschools so that children with special needs can be included in "regular" care settings.
Early intervention services can be coordinated through your local Office of Mental Health/Mental Retardation for children up to age 3 and through your state's Department of Education for ages 3 to 5.
At the End of the Day
After all your research, interviewing, and observing is done, you may need to reassure yourself that leaving your child in the care of someone else is what works best for your family.
Make the most of your time with your child. When you get home with your child at the end of the workday, keep your time free and easy. Give yourselves and your child time to relax and cuddle - that can be a wonderful interactive time and it reduces stress for the whole family.
It is also recommended that guilt-ridden parents use positive self-statements, such as "I am still a good mom or dad" and "My child is having wonderful experiences." Recognize the advantages of quality child care - children are developing relationships with other kids and learning give and take.
Daily reports about the child's day and frequent onsite visits can help you to track your child's progress and reassure you that your child is being nurtured and having fun.
Just as you need to feel confident in your child's caregivers, he needs time to adjust. Young infants, up to 7 months, generally adapt quickly to caring adults; older infants may suffer from "stranger anxiety" and need extra time and parental reassurance in adjusting to a new caregiver. Many toddlers and preschoolers typically go through adjustment periods involving tears, pouting, and tantrums as they settle in. Visits with you, favorite "lovies" (a familiar blanket or teddy bear, for example) in the child's backpack, and the reassurance that you will return at the end of the day can help him adapt to and enjoy his new care setting.
However, if your child is not happy and flourishing in child care, you need to reassess his needs and reevaluate his program or individual caregiver. Realize that bad days may happen from time to time; one bad day does not equal a bad day care facility or caregiver. But if problems persist, it is best to find another arrangement as soon as possible so that your child has a positive experience boosting his mental, physical, and social development, trust in other adults, and sense of self-worth.
Your Child and Family
About 70% of parents place their young children in some type of daily care. Whether you choose in-home or center-based care, a preschool, or someone else's home for your child's daily care setting, there are specific guidelines you should follow to be sure that your child is receiving quality, professional care suited to his developmental needs.
Most important in determining the type of care your child needs is to know your own child - his temperament, likes and dislikes, health, interests, and behavior. For an infant under 1 year of age, you need to give careful attention to your child's need to be nurtured and held, any special health needs, and the type of person you want to care for your child during the first year of his life. For an older child, his developing play and learning styles, interaction with other children, intellectual curiosity, and need for individualized attention should be considered.
The family's own values and emotional needs should also help to determine the kind of care they choose for their child. Choosing child care depends on the family's comfort level and their type of child. Some parents are overly anxious about leaving their very young child with one person, while others prefer individual care. But by age 3 or 4, it's good for the child to have at least some exposure to other kids and participate in a structured program like preschool or daycare.
Before choosing a care setting, you should be aware of the options available and consider cost, location, and reputation.
What to Look for
The first step you should take is to make a list of qualities you're looking for in a caregiver or day care, such as experience, religious background, discipline beliefs, and flexibility. Also consider any religious or cultural beliefs that you wish a caregiver to impart to your child. The International Nanny Association (INA) recommends that you interview any prospective hire at least twice and that you conduct a criminal background check, which is usually done by most placement agencies.
Approximately 5% of the nannies applying for positions have criminal conviction records, reports the INA. "Undesirable care providers tend to gravitate toward positions offered through newspaper advertisements or to agencies who do not include background investigations, but no combination of checks is completely fail-safe, and parents should remain vigilant when it comes to their children's care," the INA advises.
Besides inquiring about training in early childhood development, you should also ask a potential nanny or au pair:
Why are you interested in working with young children?
Why did you leave your last job? (You should always check references; ask that family why the relationship ended and whether they would recommend that caregiver.)
What is your discipline policy? (Offer "what if" scenarios to elicit responses to situations that could arise. For example, if a child hits another child or throws a tantrum over a toy someone else is playing with, what should the consequences be?)
How will you provide new experiences to enhance my child's mental and physical development? What are the opportunities you can offer to experience art, music, group and individual play, and indoor and outdoor play?
How would you handle toilet teaching?
How would you handle separation anxiety?
If you're considering a day care center or another group setting, you should spend some time observing the center and talking to parents with children in the center. You might also want to ask the following questions in addition to those above:
Do you have an open-door policy on parent visits?
What are alternative arrangements for care if the program closes? On what holidays is the center closed?
What is your policy on caring for sick children?
How do you monitor children on the playground? How old is the equipment and has it recently been inspected?
How are children grouped? By age?
Do you welcome children of varying ethnic, cultural, and religious backgrounds to the program? Do you include children with special needs?
What are the educational backgrounds of the teachers?
In evaluating the responses to your questions, carefully consider how his or her philosophy of child rearing, discipline, and nurturing meshes with your personal vision of how your child should be guided and cared for each day.
Finally, do you have a sense of trust in this person or program? Do you believe that your child will be happy and have the opportunity to learn and grow in this environment?
The Dependent Care Connection, a Connecticut agency that coordinates in-home child care, also advises that "if none of the candidates appear to offer what you are looking for, don't pick the best of the worst. Instead, review your job requirements, make any necessary adjustments, and begin your search again, wiser from the experience." You could also ask neighborhood parents or coworkers for recommendations.
In-Home Care
Some parents may prefer the one-on-one contact an in-home care provider can offer, especially for an infant. Parents or couples with full-time careers may find that their work schedules require them to hire an in-home care provider for their child. Trying to juggle overtime, business trips, and child care demands can be impossible without live-in help. If you do need to hire a nanny or enroll in an au pair program, seek the services of licensed agencies with experience placing nannies and au pairs.
An in-home care provider is employed by the family to care for a child in the child's own home. This includes a nanny, or someone who works on a live-in or live-out basis performing child care and perhaps some minimal household duties related to child care. Usually unsupervised during the day, the nanny has a workweek that is typically 40 to 60 hours. Nannies hired through agencies usually have minimal training in caring for young children.
An au pair also provides in-home care. An au pair lives with the family and cares for the child under the direct supervision of the parents. He or she often seeks work far away from home, as a kind of cultural learning experience. Au pairs often assist with light housework and work about 40 to 60 hours per week. Au pairs, who are typically young, may or may not have any child care training or experience.
The Fine Print
Once you've hired a caregiver, draw up a specific contract outlining expected duties, hours, salary, paid vacation, and sick leave; include parental obligations as part of that contract. Establish a review date within a few months to discuss how the arrangement is working and to fine-tune the agreement. Observe the caregiver's interaction with your child routinely and unexpectedly.
Warning Signs
Here are signs to look for if you suspect that your child is being mistreated:
The caregiver has lied to you or stolen from you.
He or she does not answer questions about the daily routine.
You come home to find your child unsupervised.
The caregiver does not respond to your child.
Your child becomes moody or withdrawn or has problems eating or sleeping.
Your child suddenly becomes upset when left with the caregiver.
You simply have a bad feeling about the caregiver.
Parents should be sure the nanny or au pair has the support he or she needs to continue acting as a positive caregiver. He or she should have adequate time off and opportunities to meet other adult caregivers in the area. Parents should always be available by phone or beeper to answer emergency calls. In other words, work together and form a partnership for your child's care.
Out-of-Home Care
Out-of-home care includes day care centers, which are typically affiliated with a public or private agency such as a religious organization, corporation, or community center; family day care programs held in the caregiver's home; part-time child care programs such as preschools or play groups; and publicly funded preschool programs such as Head Start. These programs usually care for children from birth to age 5.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that one adult should have the primary responsibility for no more than one baby under 12 months of age in any care setting. These young children need positive, consistent caregivers who learn to recognize their unique cues for hunger, distress, and play. This kind of nurturing interaction contributes significantly to an infant's social and emotional growth. For infants, the AAP recommends a child to staff ratio of 3:1.
The AAP guidelines for child care are:
AgeBirth - 24 mos.25 - 30 mos.31 - 35 mos.3 yrs.4 - 5 yrs.
Child:Staff3:14:15:17:18:1
Max. group size68101416
Homes and Centers
Day care homes offer child care in the caregiver's home, often with a single adult supervising the children. Center-based care includes day care centers and preschools employing several adults to care for larger groups of children.
In either case, both the American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) recommend that the home or agency is licensed and regularly inspected. Caregivers should have basic training in CPR and early childhood development. There should also be clearly written policies on sick children and discipline. Voluntary accreditation with the NAEYC or the National Association for Family Child Care (NAFCC) usually indicates that the center is committed to providing quality care and must participate in ongoing child development programs.
Health, safety, and hygiene must be given priority in all child care settings. All children and staff members should have current immunizations; staff should have clear criminal background checks. The facility must be child-proof and all staff members should wear disposable gloves when changing diapers. Toys should be disinfected on a regular basis and frequent hand washing should be promoted among the staff and children to minimize the spread of infection.
You should also expect that your child will be assigned to the same caregiver to promote a sense of security and consistency. Inquire about the rate of staff resignations; low staff turnover minimizes the need for young children to repeatedly adjust to new caregivers.
Preschools
Preschools, as the name indicates, provide an educational program for young children before starting kindergarten or elementary school. Many day care centers now also incorporate early childhood curricula into their programs. The NAEYC lists these 10 signs of a great preschool:
Children spend most of their time playing and working with materials or with other children.
Children have access to various activities throughout the day.
Teachers work with individual children, small groups, and the whole group at different times during the day.
The classroom is decorated with children's original artwork and projects.
Children learn numbers and the alphabet in the context of their everyday experiences.
Children work on projects and have long periods of time to play and explore.
Worksheets are used rarely, if at all.
Children have an opportunity to play outside in a safe play area every day.
Teachers read books to children individually or in small groups.
Curricula are adapted for those who are ahead as well as those who need additional help.
Children and their parents look forward to school.
Children With Special Needs
Federal law guarantees special education and related services to children with disabilities from birth through age 5. Special services such as speech and physical and occupational therapy can now be brought into day care centers or preschools so that children with special needs can be included in "regular" care settings.
Early intervention services can be coordinated through your local Office of Mental Health/Mental Retardation for children up to age 3 and through your state's Department of Education for ages 3 to 5.
At the End of the Day
After all your research, interviewing, and observing is done, you may need to reassure yourself that leaving your child in the care of someone else is what works best for your family.
Make the most of your time with your child. When you get home with your child at the end of the workday, keep your time free and easy. Give yourselves and your child time to relax and cuddle - that can be a wonderful interactive time and it reduces stress for the whole family.
It is also recommended that guilt-ridden parents use positive self-statements, such as "I am still a good mom or dad" and "My child is having wonderful experiences." Recognize the advantages of quality child care - children are developing relationships with other kids and learning give and take.
Daily reports about the child's day and frequent onsite visits can help you to track your child's progress and reassure you that your child is being nurtured and having fun.
Just as you need to feel confident in your child's caregivers, he needs time to adjust. Young infants, up to 7 months, generally adapt quickly to caring adults; older infants may suffer from "stranger anxiety" and need extra time and parental reassurance in adjusting to a new caregiver. Many toddlers and preschoolers typically go through adjustment periods involving tears, pouting, and tantrums as they settle in. Visits with you, favorite "lovies" (a familiar blanket or teddy bear, for example) in the child's backpack, and the reassurance that you will return at the end of the day can help him adapt to and enjoy his new care setting.
However, if your child is not happy and flourishing in child care, you need to reassess his needs and reevaluate his program or individual caregiver. Realize that bad days may happen from time to time; one bad day does not equal a bad day care facility or caregiver. But if problems persist, it is best to find another arrangement as soon as possible so that your child has a positive experience boosting his mental, physical, and social development, trust in other adults, and sense of self-worth.
Friday, March 13, 2009
Introduction
On April 19, 2001, results of one of the largest childcare studies were released at the Society of Research and Child Development conference. Jay Belsky, Ph.D. was the principal researcher for the study that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The information was communicated at the conference and has not yet appeared in a peer reviewed academic journal. The findings were announced to the public amidst headlines of concern and caution for parents and caregivers. A careful evaluation of the study and its results will provide the appropriate context in which to consider the findings.
What the study did
The researchers followed 1,300 children in 10 different cities in a variety of childcare situations ranging from organized free standing agencies to paid home care for multiple children. The children in the study came from families with varied socioeconomic levels and were evaluated on various measures of behavior and cognitive ability in kindergarten.
What the study found
The finding that is causing the most concern is that at age 4 ½ years of age and later, 17% of the children who spent at least 30 hours a week in non-parental care scored higher for specific behavioral problems such as "cruelty", "talking too much", and "demands a lot of attention". More time spent in day care was also associated with children being rated as more fearful, shy and sad, yet the difference between children with and without these symptoms did not exist by kindergarten. The benefits of childcare were also identified by the study. Higher quality childcare through age 4 ½ was associated with better cognitive skills and memory, and the particular types of caregiver-child interactions were associated with better language skills. Childcare for infants was not related to particular positive or negative results.
Characteristics of the childcare arrangement were linked to the positive findings. Children in care with better trained staff who were sensitive to children's needs and provided stimulation in a structured setting with a high adult-to-child ratio fared best.
Other issues to consider in understanding the results
Although 17% of the children exhibited behaviors of concern, such as being demanding, and aggressive, none were to a degree beyond the norm or worthy of referral for evaluation and intervention. In addition, these statistics mean that 83% of the children were doing well. Certainly we must consider what accounted for the difference, but extrapolating from research to policy is usually a premature and dangerous leap.
We must also look at the results in light of children's mental health issues. One-third to one-half of all referrals to mental health professionals are for aggressive behavior. In addition, we know that the incidence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is anywhere from 5-15%, conduct disorder is 3-10% and anxiety disorders is 5-20%. Therefore, statistically a certain percentage of children in kindergarten will have problems due to the genetic, biologic, and environmental nature of mental illnesses, not necessarily due to a previous childcare situation.
Family composition is an additional factor to be considered. Before reaching adulthood, 59% of all children will have lived in a single parent household at some time in their life and 2/3 of all families have two working parents. Thus, childcare is often a necessity, not a choice. These realities may make for additional family stress that is impacting on children rather than just inadequate childcare.
What are the implications of the study
The study points to an association between specific situations and behaviors, but is careful not to identify cause and effect. We cannot know for sure if a particular caregiver arrangement caused the problems or other variables not yet identified played a role. Further research should now focus on what factors in the childcare environment as well as within the home may account for positive and negative behaviors in children.
What parents and caregivers should do
Parents should not automatically pull their children out of existing caregiver situations nor should they worry about any immediate consequences for their child. By pointing out differences in certain areas, the study could be used as a guide to delineating the most beneficial environment for raising preschoolers—both at home and in childcare environments. The results support existing research regarding the optimal elements of infant and childcare. Infants and toddlers need caregivers—parents as well as non parents who:
maximize the goodness of fit between the child's temperament and the parent's style
spend time providing undivided individual attention
provide a routine and structure
maintain a well organized environment
listen and attend to the child's physical and emotional needs
teach cooperation and sensitivity to others
provide cognitive stimulation in the form of talking, reading, and interactive play
Minimizing parent stress—economic and emotional—and effective parent and caregiver education is also crucial for children's healthy development. Improving the quality of both in-home and out-of-the-home environments should go hand in hand. The study points the way towards future research questions needing answers. Specifying optimal childcare will ensure quality care for children regardless of where they are cared for.
On April 19, 2001, results of one of the largest childcare studies were released at the Society of Research and Child Development conference. Jay Belsky, Ph.D. was the principal researcher for the study that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The information was communicated at the conference and has not yet appeared in a peer reviewed academic journal. The findings were announced to the public amidst headlines of concern and caution for parents and caregivers. A careful evaluation of the study and its results will provide the appropriate context in which to consider the findings.
What the study did
The researchers followed 1,300 children in 10 different cities in a variety of childcare situations ranging from organized free standing agencies to paid home care for multiple children. The children in the study came from families with varied socioeconomic levels and were evaluated on various measures of behavior and cognitive ability in kindergarten.
What the study found
The finding that is causing the most concern is that at age 4 ½ years of age and later, 17% of the children who spent at least 30 hours a week in non-parental care scored higher for specific behavioral problems such as "cruelty", "talking too much", and "demands a lot of attention". More time spent in day care was also associated with children being rated as more fearful, shy and sad, yet the difference between children with and without these symptoms did not exist by kindergarten. The benefits of childcare were also identified by the study. Higher quality childcare through age 4 ½ was associated with better cognitive skills and memory, and the particular types of caregiver-child interactions were associated with better language skills. Childcare for infants was not related to particular positive or negative results.
Characteristics of the childcare arrangement were linked to the positive findings. Children in care with better trained staff who were sensitive to children's needs and provided stimulation in a structured setting with a high adult-to-child ratio fared best.
Other issues to consider in understanding the results
Although 17% of the children exhibited behaviors of concern, such as being demanding, and aggressive, none were to a degree beyond the norm or worthy of referral for evaluation and intervention. In addition, these statistics mean that 83% of the children were doing well. Certainly we must consider what accounted for the difference, but extrapolating from research to policy is usually a premature and dangerous leap.
We must also look at the results in light of children's mental health issues. One-third to one-half of all referrals to mental health professionals are for aggressive behavior. In addition, we know that the incidence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is anywhere from 5-15%, conduct disorder is 3-10% and anxiety disorders is 5-20%. Therefore, statistically a certain percentage of children in kindergarten will have problems due to the genetic, biologic, and environmental nature of mental illnesses, not necessarily due to a previous childcare situation.
Family composition is an additional factor to be considered. Before reaching adulthood, 59% of all children will have lived in a single parent household at some time in their life and 2/3 of all families have two working parents. Thus, childcare is often a necessity, not a choice. These realities may make for additional family stress that is impacting on children rather than just inadequate childcare.
What are the implications of the study
The study points to an association between specific situations and behaviors, but is careful not to identify cause and effect. We cannot know for sure if a particular caregiver arrangement caused the problems or other variables not yet identified played a role. Further research should now focus on what factors in the childcare environment as well as within the home may account for positive and negative behaviors in children.
What parents and caregivers should do
Parents should not automatically pull their children out of existing caregiver situations nor should they worry about any immediate consequences for their child. By pointing out differences in certain areas, the study could be used as a guide to delineating the most beneficial environment for raising preschoolers—both at home and in childcare environments. The results support existing research regarding the optimal elements of infant and childcare. Infants and toddlers need caregivers—parents as well as non parents who:
maximize the goodness of fit between the child's temperament and the parent's style
spend time providing undivided individual attention
provide a routine and structure
maintain a well organized environment
listen and attend to the child's physical and emotional needs
teach cooperation and sensitivity to others
provide cognitive stimulation in the form of talking, reading, and interactive play
Minimizing parent stress—economic and emotional—and effective parent and caregiver education is also crucial for children's healthy development. Improving the quality of both in-home and out-of-the-home environments should go hand in hand. The study points the way towards future research questions needing answers. Specifying optimal childcare will ensure quality care for children regardless of where they are cared for.
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Because knowledge is comfort.
Providing Child Care Resources
Our mission: to help you start, run and grow a successful child care business. These unique resources cover a variety of child care related business topics. There's even more great information in our Caregiver's Korner and Organization's Korner. Check them out!
Start a Daycare Caregiver Aids Child Care Business Forms Child Care Business Resources
Child Care Registry Child Care Career Centre Child Care Licensing Hiring a Nanny Worksheets
We've done the research so you don't have to.
Other Resources & Services
Our mission: To champion excellence in child care by working hand in hand with all members of the child day care community. To focus the passion in caring for children into excellence in our undertakings. child care online is committed to bringing you the best child care services and information available.
Child Care Learning Centre Child Care Today Newsletter Child Care Tip of the Week Craft Tip of the Week
Health & Safety Classifieds Shopping Online
Strengthening child care one visitor at a time.
What's New!
Click here to visit Catherine's all new childcare.net Blog.
Recently Published Articles - check out these great articles by child care online's CEO and Founder, Catherine Pruissen, in this month's edition of Source: A Resource Guide for Child Care Centers and Schools, from Sam's Club: Develop a Mission Statement (Page 16) Offer Drop-In Services (Page 47)
Other Source Articles: Finding Cash for Your Business
Consulting Services - for those who want guidance and advice on starting a child day care business, searching for grants, choosing the best child care for their family.
New in Our Online Catalog... Equipment and Toys - an all new sections from the best manufacturers in the business..Grants & Funding Resources for Child Care Completely Revised and Updated! To assist our visitors, child care online has done extensive research into the question of "Where to find grants for child care programs".
Our mission: To provide the support necessary for parents to become effective consumers of child day care through empowering information on the components of quality child care services. We've got the tools you need in our Parents Korner.
Important Messages Choosing Care Workbooks Child Care Checklist Managing Your Child Care Interview & Reference Checking Caregiver of the Month Award
Child Care Q&A Child Care Registry Licensing Registry School Registry Article & Tip Centre Child Care Forms
Because knowledge is comfort.
Providing Child Care Resources
Our mission: to help you start, run and grow a successful child care business. These unique resources cover a variety of child care related business topics. There's even more great information in our Caregiver's Korner and Organization's Korner. Check them out!
Start a Daycare Caregiver Aids Child Care Business Forms Child Care Business Resources
Child Care Registry Child Care Career Centre Child Care Licensing Hiring a Nanny Worksheets
We've done the research so you don't have to.
Other Resources & Services
Our mission: To champion excellence in child care by working hand in hand with all members of the child day care community. To focus the passion in caring for children into excellence in our undertakings. child care online is committed to bringing you the best child care services and information available.
Child Care Learning Centre Child Care Today Newsletter Child Care Tip of the Week Craft Tip of the Week
Health & Safety Classifieds Shopping Online
Strengthening child care one visitor at a time.
What's New!
Click here to visit Catherine's all new childcare.net Blog.
Recently Published Articles - check out these great articles by child care online's CEO and Founder, Catherine Pruissen, in this month's edition of Source: A Resource Guide for Child Care Centers and Schools, from Sam's Club: Develop a Mission Statement (Page 16) Offer Drop-In Services (Page 47)
Other Source Articles: Finding Cash for Your Business
Consulting Services - for those who want guidance and advice on starting a child day care business, searching for grants, choosing the best child care for their family.
New in Our Online Catalog... Equipment and Toys - an all new sections from the best manufacturers in the business..Grants & Funding Resources for Child Care Completely Revised and Updated! To assist our visitors, child care online has done extensive research into the question of "Where to find grants for child care programs".
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